Scanner

The very initial iSPIM and diSPIM in the Shroff lab used a homebuilt scanner system with galvo. ASI developed a compact “scanner” that uses a MEMS mirror to create a light sheet. A patent is pending. Several variants exist including versions with a cylinder lens for fixed sheet, a version based on ASI's C60-CUBE-III which is ideal for phototargeting or TIRF or other applications where it's important to fill the BFP (in contrast with light sheet with low-NA beams), and one with a fancy scan lens for non-light sheet applications where distortions are unacceptable. There is also an anti-striping option.

Most often a fiber collimator (FC/PC or FC/APC) is used to couple the excitation beam into the scanner, or free-space coupling is possible. The output is C-mount threads that easily attach to an ASI tube lens (i.e. the scan lens is an integral part of the scanner itself). In order to scan the beam exactly parallel to itself 4f spacing needs to be maintained between the MEMS mirror and the sample, meaning that the spacing between the scanner tube lens and objective back focal plane needs to be correct.

A schematic of the scanner can be found here.

The light sheet scanner body can accommodate a cylindrical lens to make a stationary light sheet. The external appearance is identical. The same physical microscope can be either a scanned (digital) system or a static sheet system by changing out the scanner.

The advantages of the cylindrical lens version include:

• faster imaging speed is possible (e.g. by ~2x) because you don't have to blank the beam during camera readout and beam flyback
• cost $5k less each b/c not paying patent royalty fee
• for many samples bleaching will be less by spreading out photon dose over longer time, ditto for avoiding fluorophore saturation

The disadvantages of the cylindrical lens version include:

• can't use the virtual slit trick for partial confocality
• no stroboscopic effect to minimize motion blur
• Gaussian intensity profile of illumination intensity across field ⇒ may need flat field correction

The resonance of a typical (1.2mm dia.) MEMS mirror is on the order of 2.5kHz, you have to stay far away from that or else the mirror can self-destruct. So 1kHz is the approximate upper bandwidth. How fast you can realistically make a light sheet is several times smaller and depends on the size of the sheet and whether you “fly back” and make all sheets in the same direction (default) or not. There is a lowpass filter in the electronics that can be set (by default to 400Hz).

A good rule of thumb with standard objectives is that both the scan and max flyback can keep up with the camera readout speed but not go too much faster. E.g. with 512 rows the readout time is 2.5ms and we can do a 2.5ms scan and flyback in 2.5ms for 200fps.

Larger MEMS mirrors are available and may be useful to achieve higher illumination NA when required. However, the larger mirrors usually have a lower resonance so cannot be driven as fast.

An arcane optical effect called “bow” that occurs when the axis of rotation isn't orthogonal to the plane made by the incoming/outgoing beams. Since we have a 2D mirror, only one of the rotation axes can be made perpendicular to the beam plane and the other axis unavoidably suffers from this bow problem. The resulting effect is a slight optical coupling of the axes, on the order of a few percent over the entire mirror travel for a standard scanner. The Tiger controller firmware compensates for the effect automatically in internal mode and a per-axis compensation factor can be set (ERROR command). With a cylindrical lens, the “ideal” axis can be set to be either the line axis (allowing you to perfectly smear out the Gaussian intensity profile within the plane) or else the slice axis (allowing you to move the light sheet to create a stack in piezo/slice synchronous scan mode without tilting the light sheet), but not both simultaneously.