Objectives

The choice of light sheet objectives is limited because they must be co-focused without bumping into each other. See more details below on this page in the section Mechanical angle.

The most commonly-used objectives for (symmetric) diSPIM are 40x water-dipping objectives with a NA of 0.8 (Nikon CFI Apo 40XW NIR). Other possibilities include the Olympus 20x/0.5 water (UMPLFLN20XW) ¹⁾ and the Nikon 10x/0.3 water (CFI Plan Fluor 10XW).

ASI and Special Optics have co-developed two multi-immersion objectives designed originally for cleared tissue (but useful in any media) suitable for the diSPIM geometry. The 54-10-12 with nominal NA 0.4 can image cleared tissue up to 5 mm deep in slab form or within a 12 mm spherical envelope, and the 54-12-8 with nominal NA 0.7 can go 2 mm deep or 10 mm spherical envelope.

Single-sided systems (iSPIM) have much more flexibility because the illumination objective can be a low-NA long-WD objective. A popular pair for high-resolution imaging is the same objective pair as used on the lattice light sheet, specifically the Nikon 25x/1.1 objective paired with either the Special Optics 54-10-7 which is 28.6x/0.66, or else paired with the Thorlabs 20x/0.6.

• two Nikon 40x/0.8 W
• two Nikon 10x/0.3 W
• Nikon 25x/1.1 Wwith Special Optics 54-10-7
• two Special Optics 54-10-12
• Special Optics 54-10-12 with Special Optics 54-12-8
• two Special Optics 54-12-8
• two Special Optics 57-12-19
• Olympus 20x/1.0 W with Thorlabs 20x/0.6

Resolution is usually defined as the smallest feature that can be distinguished from a neighboring feature. The diffraction-limited resolution is determined by the objective NA and wavelength; equations are k1*lambda/NA for lateral resolution and k2*lambda*RI/NA^2 for axial resolution (pre-factors vary depending on the criteria, but commonly are 0.61 and 2). With dual-view systems you can collect datasets from 2 orthogonal directions which can be computationally combined to give “lateral” resolution in 3 axes ²⁾. Deconvolution can also improve resolution to a certain extent.

Aberrations in the optics or in the sample will degrade the attained resolution. As you image deeper into samples the resolution usually degrades due to scattering, inhomogeneous refractive index within the sample (e.g. cell membrane vs. cytoplasm), and/or mismatch between sample and media refractive index (typically cells are RI ~1.4 vs. media ~1.33).

Undersampling on the camera or in Z step size will decrease attained resolution. The Nyquist criterion applies: the sampling (e.g. pixel size) must be at least half the size of the smallest feature you want to resolve. On the other hand, oversampling in large excess to the Nyquist criterion generates “empty data” where the same amount of information could be contained in a Nyquist-sampled dataset as well as increasing the effect of shot noise. Thus using improper magnification can degrade resolution. With a 2k x 2k sensor, the Nyquist criterion tells us that the resolution can be no better than the 0.1% of the field of view.

Resolution does not depend on whether stage scanning or piezo/slice scanning is used as long as the sampling is done correctly. Rather the acquisition method changes the spatial relationship between planes.

Like all infinity microscopes, the magnification is given by the ratio of the effective focal lengths of tube lens and objective. The captured field of view is just camera sensor size divided by magnification. The sensor size is readily available. The most common sCMOS cameras have 6.5um square pixels and 2048×2048 pixels, but there are a wide variety of cameras. Some cameras have 11um pixels which usually require increasing magnification in order to sample sufficiently for diffraction-limited resolution.

By default ASI uses 200 mm focal length tube lenses (Nikon glass) but a offers a variety of tube lenses so the magnification can easily be chosen. Typical reasons to adjust the magnification include to adequately sample on the camera (for sensors with larger pixels or using low-mag high-NA objectives) or to increase the field of view. When decreasing magnification, beware of the objective's intrinsic field of view (usually specified by field number, of vignetting (see http://asiimaging.com/docs/mim_ramm_vts#infinity_space_limitations), and ensure that the spatial sampling on the camera is sufficient (see https://asiimaging.com/docs/infinity_microscope_basics#spatial_sampling).

Note that using Olympus objectives with Nikon tube lens will result in 1.11x increase in magnification. The effective focal length of the cleared tissue objective depends on the media refractive index.

For traditional light sheet microscopy with two orthogonal objective lenses, the objectives have to be able to co-focus before they mechanically bump ³⁾. The question of whether or not two objectives can be co-focused orthogonally can usually be simplified to whether the sum of their mechanical half-angles is less than 90°⁴⁾. For any objective lens, the mechanical angle must be at least as large as the optical angle, i.e. it must be big enough to capture the cone of rays corresponding to its numerical aperture (NA) across the entire field of view. The mechanical angle is computed as arctan(dia/2/WD) where dia is the diameter of the first surface (assuming the rest of the objective lens fall inside the line from the focal plane to this first surface as is usually the case). The optical half-angle is computed as arcsin(NA/RI) where RI is the medium refractive index. Some objective lenses have mechanical angles only barely larger than the lower bound optical angle, but others are much less efficient in a mechanical/bulkiness sense.

A detailed overview and helpful table of many (more) objective lenses can be found in Supplementary Note 6 in the Power/Huisken review paper (link to supplemental).

Here are a few objectives that have been used with iSPIM/diSPIM-type systems. Notice that all are used as dipping lenses, even the few that have correction collars.

The imaging depth of a pair of co-focused objectives into a flat pancake-like sample without hitting the top of the sample is proportional to the residual mechanical angle that the two objectives leave and also proportional to their working distance, with minor factor related to the relative mechanical angle/overall rotation. There may also be second-order mechanical effects and such combinations should be modeled. ASI has drawings of many different objective pairs and can prepare others. Please inquire.

On the diSPIM as well as other light sheet implementations it is beneficial to have the illumination objective back focal plane at “4f” or telecentric spacing from the scanner tube lens. This ensures that tilt at the MEMS (or galvo) results in pure translation of the beam at the sample. If 4f spacing is not followed then the beam will not scan parallel to itself, resulting in a wedge-shaped sheet.

Different objectives have different positions of their back focal plane (BFP). Olympus lists the BFP position of their objectives and so does ASI. Nikon considers the BFP position confidential but it can be measured empirically.

Most often ASI installs spacers between the scanner tube lens body and the Cube III containing the dichroic to adjust the total space, which is the easiest approach if the same objectives are always used. ASI makes a 0-30mm continuously adjustable spacer which is useful if you are switching between objectives with different BFP positions or if you need to exactly tune the spacing (e.g. for using the virtual slit approach where the camera's rolling shutter is exactly synchronized with the motion of the beam).

The approximate spacers are listed here: